迄今為止,ESG指數和基于ESG概念的基金已經成為ESG投資者的投資方式之一。但是,將ESG選股標準納入指數,是否能夠提升投資組合的風險收益特征呢?近年來學界和業界對此進行了大量研究,但到目前為止,對此問題尚未達成廣泛共識。
眾多學術研究分析了ESG得分與股票收益率及波動率之間的關系,但這些研究的具體過程有所不同,比如是否對其他因子進行剝離(如國家、行業、價值、市值等),這些研究最終得出的結論也不盡相同。
首先我們回顧沒有對其他因子進行剝離(即沒有調整因子偏差(factor biases))的研究成果。Brammer、Brooks和Pavelin(2006)發現ESG得分與股票收益之間呈負相關,但Scholtens(2008),Eccles、Ioannu和Serafeim(2011),Kurtz和DiBartolomeo (2011)發現ESG得分與股票收益之間呈正相關。
進一步考慮了因子偏差(factor biases)的研究發現:ESG得分通常會受到其他因子的影響。例如,由于大公司通常會在ESG問題上遵循較高的披露標準,因此ESG得分通常與規模呈正相關。ESG得分也與地區相關,歐洲公司的ESG得分均值高于其他地區的公司。此外,對于不同行業而言,ESG評分方法通常有所不同,因此ESG得分與股票業績關系的研究需要分行業進行分析。
除了市值、地區、行業因素之外,也需要考慮Carhart-French因子的影響。Nagy、Cogan和Sinnreich(2012)發現,在控制了地區、行業、市值、成長和價值因子的情況下,ESG得分與股票表現之間存在正相關性。但是Geczy、Stanbaugh和Levin (2003),Kreander等人(2005),Bauer、Koedijk和Otten(2005),Buckingham、Gregory和hittaker(2011),Hoepner、Rezec和Siegl(2011)的研究結果表明,ESG得分與股票表現之間不具有相關性。
此外,Luo和Bhattacharya (2009),Salama、Anderson和Toms (2011),Oikonomou、Brooks和Pavelin(2012),Bouslah、Kryzanowski和M'Zali(2013)以及Cox(2013)等人的研究表明:ESG得分與股票風險之間存在負相關性,ESG得分高的公司往往具有更低的波動率或回撤。
德意志銀行的一份最新研究(參見Fulton,Kahn和Sharples [2012])總結了100多項學術研究的結果,結果表明:關于ESG得分與股票業績之間的相關性,學術界的研究結論既有正相關性,也有負相關性和無相關性,但是大多數(超過80%)的研究表明,ESG得分與股票回報之間具有正相關性。
有趣的是,Amenc和LeSourd(2010)的研究結果與上述結論截然相反,他們研究了ESG指數和ESG基金的收益,發現沒有證據能夠表明ESG投資能夠提升財務表現。
本文認為,Amenc和LeSourd所觀察到的現象(ESG指數不能提供alpha收益)實際上是由于未能將ESG數據有效地整合進ESG指數。根據本文的研究結果,如果能有效利用ESG數據,確實可以提升投資組合的收益。
具體來講,我們提出了兩個方法,以更好地利用ESG數據產生alpha收益。
第一個方法是對ESG數據中存在的偏差(biases)進行正確的處理,即對一些常見因子進行剝離,消除這些因子的影響。
第二個方法是對ESG指標的重要性進行測試和增強。ESG評分方法所用的數據通常比傳統因子(價值、成長或動量等)所用的數據更加廣泛。在生成ESG因子的過程中,會將大量指標(通常超過100個)匯總到一個總的ESG評分中,這遠遠多于生成一般因子所用的指標。這會導致那些帶有重要信息(即能夠產生alpha收益)的指標在匯總到最終ESG評分的過程中被稀釋(diluted)。因此本文提出的第二個關鍵方法是:在每個行業中進行ESG評分的過程中,對ESG指標的重要性進行測試和增強。
在當前的ESG指數的構建過程中,尚未應用這兩個方法。因此我們認為ESG指數仍有較大的提升潛力,可以產生比當前ESG指數更高的回報。
本文的主要目的是說明如何根據ESG研究數據構建ESG因子,這樣構建的ESG因子可以像價值、成長或動量等傳統因子一樣,應用于Smart Beta指數。本文對Smart Beta策略的定義為:通過基于因子的選股方式或加權方式,獲得比傳統市值加權指數更好的風險調整后收益。
在第2節中,我們根據現有的ESG研究,構建了無偏ESG因子得分,具體方法為:(1)消除因子偏差;(2)對ESG指標的重要性進行測試和增強。為了測試ESG數據的重要性,我們將使用先進的回測框架來減小數據挖掘的風險。在第3節中,我們檢驗了以上方法的實證效果。第4節進行了總結。
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